Panax
quinquefolius.西洋参Xī yáng shēnAmerican ginseng Family: Araliaceae PART USED: Root FLAVOR: Sweet and pleasant CHANNELS:
Heart, Lung, Kidney FUNCTIONS GROUP: Nourishing
Yin
1. Supplement Energy.[1]
2. Calm the nerves.[1]
3. Produce more saliva and simulate the appetite.[1] INDICATIONS
1. Deficiency of Energy (with Wind) and Blood.[1]
2. Internal injuries caused by deficiency activity (worry).[1]
3. Convalescent weakness, no appetite.[1]
4. Palpitations.[1] Insomnia.[1]
Forgetfulness.[1] PATENT COMBINATIONS
Inner Path can not take any responsibility for any adverse effects
from the use of plants. Always seek advice from a professional before using a
plant medicinally.Research
Effects of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) on neurocognitive function:
an acute, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study.
Scholey A, Ossoukhova A, Owen L, Ibarra A, Pipingas A, He K, Roller M, Stough
C. Abstract
RATIONALE:
Over the last decade, Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) has been shown to improve
aspects of human cognitive function. American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) has
a distinct ginsenoside profile from P. ginseng, promising cognitive enhancing
properties in preclinical studies and benefits processes linked to human cognition.
OBJECTIVES:
The availability of a highly standardised extract of P. quinquefolius (Cereboost™)
led us to evaluate its neurocognitive properties in humans for the first time.
METHODS:
This randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial (N?=?32, healthy
young adults) assessed the acute mood, neurocognitive and glycaemic effects of
three doses (100, 200 400 mg) of Cereboost™ (P. quinquefolius standardised
to 10.65% ginsenosides). Participants' mood, cognitive function and blood glucose
were measured 1, 3 and 6 h following administration.
RESULTS:
There was a significant improvement of working memory (WM) performance associated
with P. quinquefolius. Corsi block performance was improved by all doses at all
testing times. There were differential effects of all doses on other WM tasks
which were maintained across the testing day. Choice reaction time accuracy and
'calmness' were significantly improved by 100 mg. There were no changes in blood
glucose levels.
CONCLUSIONS:
This preliminary study has identified robust working memory enhancement following
administration of American ginseng. These effects are distinct from those of Asian
ginseng and suggest that psychopharmacological properties depend critically on
ginsenoside profiles. These results have ramifications for the psychopharmacology
of herbal extracts and merit further study using different dosing regimens and
in populations where cognition is fragile.
PMID: 20676609 PMCID: PMC2952762 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-010-1964-y Psychopharmacology
(Berl). 2010 Oct;212(3):345-56. doi: 10.1007/s00213-010-1964-y. Epub 2010 Jul
31. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) attenuates postprandial glycemia
in a time-dependent but not dose-dependent manner in healthy individuals.
Vuksan V, Sievenpiper JL, Wong J, Xu Z, Beljan-Zdravkovic U, Arnason JT, Assinewe
V, Stavro MP, Jenkins AL, Leiter LA, Francis T. Abstract
BACKGROUND:
We previously showed that 3 g American ginseng administered 40 min before an oral
glucose challenge significantly reduces postprandial glycemia in subjects without
diabetes. Whether this effect can be replicated with doses <3 g and administration
times closer to the oral glucose challenge is unclear.
OBJECTIVE:
Our objective was to study the dosing and timing effects of American ginseng on
postprandial glycemia.
DESIGN:
In a random crossover design, 12 healthy individuals [X +/- SEM age: 42 +/- 7
y; body mass index (BMI; in kg/m2): 24.1 +/- 1.1] received 16 treatments: 0 (placebo),
1, 2, or 3 g American ginseng at 40, 20, 10, or 0 min before a 25-g oral glucose
challenge. Capillary blood was collected before administration and at 0, 15, 30,
45, 60, and 90 min after the start of the glucose challenge.
RESULTS:
Two-way analysis of variance showed that the main effects of treatment and administration
time were significant (P < 0.05). Glycemia was lower over the last 45 min of
the test after doses of 1, 2, or 3 g ginseng than after placebo (P < 0.05);
there were no significant differences between doses. The reductions in the areas
under the curve for these 3 doses were 14.4 +/- 6.5%, 10.6 +/- 4.0%, and 9.1 +/-
6%, respectively. Glycemia in the last hour of the test and area under the curve
were significantly lower when ginseng was administered 40 min before the challenge
than when it was administered 20, 10, or 0 min before the challenge (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS:
American ginseng reduced postprandial glycemia in subjects without diabetes. These
reductions were time dependent but not dose dependent: an effect was seen only
when the ginseng was administered 40 min before the challenge. Doses within the
range of 1-3 g were equally effective.
PMID: 11273850 Am J Clin Nutr. 2001 Apr;73(4):753-8. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Effect of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) on glycemic control in type
2 diabetes.
Mucalo I, Rahelic D, Jovanovski E, Bozikov V, Romic Z, Vuksan V. Abstract
Since diabetes tends to progressively worsen over time, glycemic control often
deteriorates in spite of taking regular therapy. Therefore, numerous research
studies are by and large focused on finding more efficient therapy, both new medicines
for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus, as well as supplements that could serve
as an addition to conventional treatment modalities. A variety of herbal preparations
have been shown to have modest short-term beneficial effects on glycemia, but
of these, the best studied is American ginseng (AG). AG has been shown to be effective
in improving glycemic control in type 2 diabetes through increasing post-prandial
insulin levels and decreasing postprandial glycemic response. However, high variability
in ginsenosides may result in just as high variability in antidiabetic efficacy
of over-the-counter ginseng products. Therefore, the availability of standardized
extracts of AG could assist greatly in advancing our knowledge on the role of
this traditionally used herb and result in a wider application of ginseng product
in diabetes management. The aim of this review is to outline the efficacy and
safety of American ginseng for AG preparations on glycemic control in patients
with type 2 diabetes as well as to increase awareness of the evidence supporting
the use of these therapies in diabetes care.
PMID: 23390846 Coll Antropol. 2012 Dec;36(4):1435-40. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
American Ginseng Extract (Panax quinquefolius L.) Is Safe in Long-Term
Use in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Iva Mucalo, Elena Jovanovski, Vladimir Vuksan, Velimir Božikov, Željko
Romic, and Dario Rahelic Abstract
Aim. The objective of the present study was to test the safety of supplementation
with the American ginseng (AG) interventional material as an adjunct to conventional
therapy (diet and/or medications) in type 2 diabetes, using a double-blind, randomized,
placebo-controlled, parallel design. Methods. Each participant received either
AG (10% ginsenosides) or placebo capsules (500?mg/meal?=?3?g/day) for a period
of 12 weeks. Outcomes included measures of safety including kidney function (urates
and creatinine), liver function (AST and ALT), and haemostatic function (PV and
INR). Results. Seventy-four participants with well-controlled type 2 diabetes
(sex: 28?M and 46?F, age: 63 ± 9.5, BMI: 32 ± 5, and HbA1c: 7 ±
1.3), randomized to either intervention (n = 35) or control (n = 39) group, completed
the study. There was no change in any of the measures of safety between treatments
from baseline. The number or severity of adverse events did not differ between
the AG intervention and placebo. Conclusion. Following 12 weeks of supplementation
with AG, safety was not compromised in a high cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk
population of patients with type 2 diabetes. This demonstrated that safety is
noteworthy, as reviews have continuously warned of possible adverse effects of
ginseng consumption.
Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2014; 2014: 969168.
Published online 2014 May 7. doi: 10.1155/2014/969168 PMCID: PMC4033486 ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
North American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) prevents hyperglycemia and
associated pancreatic abnormalities in diabetes.
Sen S, Querques MA, Chakrabarti S. Abstract
North American ginseng (NAG) has received increasing attention as an alternative
medicine for the treatment of diabetes. Extract of the NAG root has been reported
to possess antidiabetic properties, but the underlying mechanisms for such effects
have not been identified. Here we investigated the effects of NAG root extract
on type 1 and 2 diabetes and the underlying mechanisms involved for such effects.
Type 1 [C57BL/6 mice with streptozotocin (STZ)-induction] and type 2 (db/db) diabetic
models were examined. Groups of diabetic mice (both type 1 and 2) were treated
with alcoholic extract of the NAG root (200 mg/kg BW/day, oral gavage) for 1 or
2 months following onset of diabetes. Ginseng treatment significantly increased
the body weight in type 1 diabetic animals in contrast to the type 2 model, where
it caused diminution of body weight. Blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin levels
diminished in the diabetic groups of both models with NAG treatment. Interestingly,
plasma insulin and C-peptide levels were significantly increased in the STZ-diabetic
mice, whereas they were reduced in the db/db mice following NAG treatment. Histological
and morphometric analyses (islet/pancreas ratio) of the pancreas revealed an increase
in the islet area following the treatment compared to both the untreated diabetic
groups. These data indicate that NAG possibly causes regeneration of ß-cells
resulting in enhanced insulin secretion. On the other hand, in type 2 diabetes,
the additional effects of NAG on body weight might have also resulted in improved
glucose control.
PMID: 23875898 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2012.0192 J Med Food. 2013 Jul;16(7):587-92. doi:
10.1089/jmf.2012.0192. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Phytochemistry of wild populations of Panax quinquefolius L. (North American
ginseng).
Assinewe VA, Baum BR, Gagnon D, Arnason JT. Abstract
A survey of the phytochemistry of Panax quinquefolius L. (North American ginseng)
collected from wild populations in Ontario, Quebec, Maine, Vermont, and Wisconsin
was undertaken. Reverse-phase HPLC was used to determine the natural variation
of levels of ginsenosides Rg1, Re, Rf, Rb1, Rc, Rb2, and Rd and their total in
leaf, stem, and root of authentic wild-grown material. The totals in roots varied
from 1 to 16%, with the greatest number of individual samples having 4-5% total
ginsenosides. The lack of ginsenoside Rf in roots of authentic wild populations
confirmed its status as a phytochemical marker differentiating American and Asian
ginseng. Ten geographically isolated wild populations were collected, and several
showed significant variation in the levels of major ginsenosides. There was no
statistical difference in mean ginsenoside content between wild and cultivated
P. quinquefolius roots at 4 years of age, suggesting there is no phytochemical
justification for wild crafting. Baseline data on total ginsenoside levels for
authentic wild P. quinquefolius reported here provide reference levels for quality
assurance programs.
PMID: 14705875 DOI: 10.1021/jf030042h J Agric Food Chem. 2003 Jul 30;51(16):4549-53.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
FLAVOR: Sweet and pleasant CHANNELS:
Heart, Lung, Kidney
